writer – Hoffman

issue – race amalgamation

Gap – he believes that the white race shouldn’t go around making children with other races and making mixed races. because its not right and in the long run will create another race to be judged.

Audience – his target audience could have been either to other racist people who agreed with his beliefs or to those white individuals who have had mixed children with other races.

His claims – he tried using scientific evidence to prove that the difference in their race determined the size of skulls and brains and their intelligence. He compared heads being flatter or more round and how long jaw structures were. due to these beliefs he felt the white race mixing with another will create a race that is not scientifically correct.

Hoffman believes that no other race outside the white race is human. and he believes that mixing this with another race will in the future lead to mentally disabled beings that lack the physical ability to do anything productive in society. he uses people in his discourse community to validate his opinion by writing this and using scientific studies to justify his thoughts. His counter argument is that he believe that he has the scientific proof to give him the credibility to justify his beliefs.

the measure of man

• they described the differences of a Caucasian skull and black people skulls.
• morton felt he could recognize race just off the features from the skull.
• he believed the sizes of brain is determined by the size of the body carrying it

Prompt one

• Plessy vs Ferguson matches Swales criteria list for a discourse community because a discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals. this relates back to the judges and lawyers being apart of a discourse community believing that passengers of different races be separated and have different highways then whites, or sentenced to jail. them sharing the same beliefs and passing their beliefs down to their children for generations and generations to come is how they build discourse communities it is a familiar language or act to them and all that they know.

Prompt two

• they used their government and constitution to spread laws and regulations based off their beliefs. they raised their children to believe these things who were taught to raise their children the same way. they had town meetings and local radio stations or any media or normalized there beliefs and language. people who didn’t follow in their lead got severely punished.

Prompt Three

• i feel that the discourse community had enough power and resources to enforce any belief at the time because the people who would vote for this or agree were all apart of this discourse community. so they created a way that no one outside of their community could argue or challenge it if it was the law. so they took their power and made their beliefs legal. that way it was world wide that races should be segregated.

Plessyb vs Ferguson

• the supreme court issued a 7-1 decision against Plessy that declared the segregation of the Louisiana train car.
• the court dismissed any claims of them violating the thirteenth amendment.
• they used people within their discourse community to control black Americans.
• their discourse community included the judges, lawyers, and the city of Louisiana.
• they used their discourse community to stop blacks from going to school, voting, and traveling for work.
• this stamped the black race as inferior to the white race

The measure of man

• Appeals to reason – to the nature of the universe have been used throughout history to enshrine existing hierarchies as proper and inevitable
• (without this just graduation could they be subjected, these to those, or all to thee?)
• (from natures chain whatever link you strike, tenth, or ten thousandth, breaks the chain alike.)
• the scientific argument has formed a primary a primary line of attack for more than a century.

The Mismeasure of Man

1. How does Gould define biological determinism? (page 52)
2. What are the two major sources of data that have supported this theme known as biological determinism? (page 52)
3. What have biological determinists invoked when it comes to the issue of race? (page 52)
4. According to Gould on page 53, biological determinism is useful for:
   1. Groups in power
   2. Groups not in power
5. According to Gould on page 53, for the adherents of biological determinism, changes to a social and political system based on a racial caste system seen as an extension of nature is:
   1. Inconsequential
   2. an enormous costs for individuals psychologically
   3. an enormous costs for society economically
   4. Both 2) and 3)
6. Gould’s arguments against biological determinism begin by attacking which two fallacies? (page 56)
   1. Reification and ranking
   2. Geocentrism
7. In the last paragraph of page 56, what does Gould write is his book is about (his explanation continues onto page 57)?
8. Finish this sentence, which can be found on page 59: “In most cases discussed in this book, we can be fairly certain that biases—though often expressed as egregiously as in cases of fraud—were unknowingly __________________________________________________.”
9. On page 60, Gould describes biological determinism as a theory of limits. What does he mean by that?

Plessy v. Ferguson: A Brief History with Documents

1. According to Brook Thomas, the editor of Plessy v. Ferguson: A Brief History with Documents, what were the problems with laws designed to keep races separate (hint: it deals with the concept of skin color and “passing”)? (page 3)
2. What did Albion Tourgee want the Supreme Court to do when it came to segregation laws? (page 4)
3. Why was Homer Plessy chosen as a test case? (page 4)
4. Why did Justice John Ferguson rule in favor of Daniel F. Desdunes riding a train over state lines but against Homer Plessy, who rode a train within the borders of Louisiana? (page 5)
5. What is the difference between a social right, a political right, and a civil right? (page 12)
6. Why does Congress pass a civil rights act? (page 13)
7. According to Charles Walter Collins, what did the 14^th Amendment do? (page 14)
8. Which group was the first to bring a case before the Supreme Court citing a violation of their rights under the 13^th and 14^th Amendments (hint: it wasn’t African Americans)? (page 18.)

the measure of man

• shared behavioral norms and the social and economic differences between human groups primarily races, classes, and sexes-arise from inherited inborn distinctions and that society in this sense is an accurate reflection of biology.

• craniometr y (or measurement of the skull)
  and certain styles of psychological testing.

• that the traditional prestige of science as objective knowledge , free from social and political taint.
  They portray themselves as purveyors of harsh truth and their
  opponents as sentimentalists, ideologues , and wishful thinkers .
• 1. groups in power

• both 2 and 3
• 1. Reification and ranking

• This book, then, is about the abstraction of intelligence as a single entity,
  its location within the brain, its quantification as one number for each individual, and the use of these numbers to rank people in a single series of worthiness , invariably to find that oppressed and disadvantaged groups—races , classes, or sexes—are innately inferior and deserve their status. In short, this book is about the Mismeasure of Man.

Plessy vs Ferguson

• This is a petition for writs of prohibition and certiorari, originally filed in supreme court of the state by plessy the plaintiff in error against Hon. john H Ferguson.
• this document conflicts with the thirteenth and 14th amendments.
• thirteenth amendment – abolishing slavery
• fourteenth amendment – prohibits certain restrictive legislation on the part of the united states
• the fourteenth amendment protects those who were born in the unites states are citizens where the reside and states are forbidden from making and enforcing any law that goes against these privileges. and should be protected by law.
• the point of these laws was to enforce equal rights to all races.
• using legislative power ti enforce these rules in settings such as segregated schools.
• forcing separation of colored people abridges the villager and right to be protected.
• the government or individuals who argue this seem to be inferior to the black race.
• the argument is that the black race should become the dominant power in the legislature, and make laws similar to the law made for colored people but for whites and out them in an inferior position.
• in order for this to work for everyone there has to be some common ground and agreeing from both races to move forward.
• the two races should meet and discuss equality rights and mutual grounds between the two.
• the state regulates the use of public highway by citizens of the US solely upon the basis of race.

The Measure of Man

• Socrates advised, should be educated and
  assigned by merit to three classes: rulers , auxiliaries, and craftsmen.
• This article explains they are men and god framed them all different. meaning we were all put here for a purpose no matter what our outer shells look like we are all gods children. therefor meaning we are one (the human race).
• glaucon believes there is no way of accomplishing equality because it wouldn’t work with the current generation because they are to stuck in there ways but there is opportunity to teach the next generation and the ones to come after.
• this book is about how scientific arguments called the biological determinism
• this theory shares that these beliefs are formed as a social norm with how you are raised and the morals taught. rather that races, sexes, or classes, our thoughts and opinion are formed through our discourse communities.

• this chapter explains how he believes that being a food service worker requires a lot more skills and education then most would expect. And how these skills will help the industry with knowing how to communicate and engage with customers.
• to him it means learning to use certain words or language to win over a customer or brand. he believes these are techniques that need to be taught by a skilled individual.
• It helps you to up size there order and spend more money when you are more knowledgeable about the menu because it makes the customers feel comfortable by taking control of the situation.

The reader would be for those people who have never worked in the food industry who passed judgement or, formed opinions on others who decide to work in the food service industry. or even maybe managers or corporate to have a better understanding of their entry level employees and what they go through and how it can be better.

The gap is that Mirabelli is trying to give those who have never worked int the food service industry a perspective of the skills and education it could take to please their customers . taking away the stereotype that people assume since there is no required higher education that they dont deserve a particular rate.

swales article sucked because he only gave his opinion and points of view without acknowledging the other readers views and beliefs.

swales articles was unnecessarily deep.

Let’s go over the list as to why we didn’t like Swales’s article very much.

Now let’s watch these videos again.

1. If we take this as true, in your own words describe what you think Swales sees as the gap in this conversation he’s participating in (the conversation described by the editors in the preface to the chapter).
2. In your opinion, how does this piece fill that gap?
3. Who do you think is the audience for this essay?
4. What’s the danger of an essay like this?

Now, let’s share our answers aloud in class.

• I believe the gap he is trying to fill is the difference in discourse communities compared to a speech community, and how they effect the way we write and understand what what the author is trying to get across or portray.
• Being able to express to our audience through our words the argument we are trying to get across. or in other words our point of view. without totally disagreeing with other point of views. it first tries to teach you how to form an argument then correctly present it.I feel the gap was that there is more then one concept to follow that made up the community. there are 6 discourse concepts that makes up the community.
• I would think his targeted audience is someone who is a fan of his. he keeps referencing to other books he has wrote. on the other hand it could be for a young inspired writer.
• Dangers for an essay like this could be that your writing to a particular audience who may not be the target audience in the future.Like here in class. but now that you have put it in Language that welcomes a particular community it crosses out other readers.

• Toni Mirabelli earned a Ph.D in education in language, literacy and culture from the university of California
• coordinator of the athletic centers tutorial program
• gives ideas about the language use in communities
• multiliteracies – to argue that the workers did not just read text, they read people and situations.
• is there to much focus on on textual literacies?
• activity system – an opportunity for you to test the ideas you’ve been working on throughout the chapter.
• there are skills that are displayed throughout the food industry that requires them to have more skills then we think.
• there are assumptions that waitresses are not educated or lack basic communication and skills.
• literacy and contemporary theory
• conception of literacy – explains that to be literate means to have control of a “socially accepted association among ways of using language, of thinking and of acting that can be used to identify oneself as a member of a socially meaningful group or social network”.
• methodology ?

Let’s talk about Stein one last time, then answer this question:
Let’s finish by writing a tentative claim about “In Defense of Domination.” Here’s a writing prompt to help you:What is the purpose of Stein’s challenging essay?

• His purpose for writing the article is to rally those for who share his opinion on the way america is viewed, and the war on terror. Stein does this with the approach of sarcasm and irony. while using the example of a famous baseball team in america. This helped his readers and people with other points of view be able to compare the privileged behavior and how it effects everyone else.

Now let’s switch gears and talk about “The Concept of Discourse Community.”

1. How does Swales explain what he means when he writes that speech communities are centripetal while discourse communities are centrifugal? (471)
2. According to Swales, what are the six defining characteristics of a discourse community? (471-473)
3. In your own words, what does Swales point out as the problems of the concept of discourse community? (478)

• On page 471 Swales explains that in a speech community they need the communicative needs of the group like socialization or the unity of the group. they tend to predominate in the development and maintenance of its discoursal maintenance. where however in a discourse community the communicative needs or the goals tend to predominate in the development and maintenance of its discoursal communities.
• discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals,a discourse community has mechanisms of intercommunication among its members, discourse community uses its participatory mechanisms primarily to provide information and feedback, a discourse community utilizes and hence posses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aim, in addition to owning genres a discourse community has acquired some specific lexiz, a discourse community has a threshold level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal expertise.
• he pointed out that having a discourse community in classes is not possible, because there will be a broad agreement on goals.

Now let’s answer these questions:

1. If we take this as true, in your own words describe what you think Swales sees as the gap in this conversation he’s participating in (the conversation described by the editors in the preface to the chapter).
2. In your opinion, how does this piece fill that gap?
3. Who do you think is the audience for this essay?
4. What’s the danger of an essay like this?